Constantine the Great

Commemorative Coins
 

  
     Constantine and his sons issued a few different types of commemoratives from 330-346. These were issued to mark the foundation of Constantinople and to also re-affirm Rome as the traditional center of the Empire. Thirteen mints produced these types: Trier, Lugdunum (Lyons), Arelate (Arles), Aquileia, Rome, Siscia, Thessalonica, Heraclea, Constantinople, Nicomedia, Cyzicus, Antioch and Alexandria. The two most common are the CONSTANTINOPOLIS (Victory on a prow) and VRBS ROMA (wolf and twins) types. The female figure on the obverse is the personification of Constantinople or Rome. The wolf and twins type depict Romulus and Remus (the founders of Rome) being suckled by the she-wolf. The two stars on the reverse represent the dioscuri ( the twins Castor and Pollux).

The famous Wolf
            (Lupa Capitolina). The statue was made circa 500 B.C. It
            used to stand on the Capitoline Hill.
The famous Wolf (Lupa Capitolina). The statue was made circa 500 B.C. and it used to stand on the Capitoline Hill.
Romulus and Remus were added during the Renaissance.

    The victory on a prow type alludes to the naval victory of Crispus and his subsequent capture of Byzantium (soon to be re-named Constantinople). Zosimus said that Constantine's fleet had 200 ships and Licinius had 350 ships. Zosimus might have exaggerated, but all sources agreed that Constantine's fleet was greatly outnumbered. What accounted for the surprise victory of Constantine's forces? Could it have been that Constantine had better trained sailors...maybe divine providence? A papyrus letter from circa A.D. 323, gives an answer. The letter is from a procurator who said that the government of Egypt had an urgent requirement of box and acanthus wood for repair of the men-at-war vessels in the arsenals of Memphis and Babylon. Egypt sent a total of 130 ships to serve in the navy of Licinius, but it seems that they were all old tubs!1

    The description in RIC describes Constantinopolis as holding reversed spear . This object might actually be a scepter, rather than a reversed spear. Compare the object with the scepter that the victory on the reverse is holding. The ends are alike--they both end in small globes.  On some coins, Constantinopolis is holding what might be considered a cross- scepter with a globe (often topped with a smaller globe). This may or may not have had Christian significance, but Constantine first used this symbolism in A.D. 315 on a silver medallion, which also has a chi-rho on the crest, issued in Ticinum. The cross-scepter imagery was later an imperial attribute and sign of power on some gold coins of Valentinian III. This symbolism, and other imagery, may not have been understood by many people at the time, though. In the sixth century, John of Ephesus wrote that the general public believed that the figure of Constantinopolis on gold coins of Justin II was actually Venus.2  It seems that a lot of the message of ancient coins was lost on the audience!


Palladas, a fourth-century pagan poet, wrote mockingly about the city of Constantinople and coins with Victories on the prow --

"Here we are, the Victories, the laughing maidens, bearing victories to the Christ-loving city. Those who loved the city fashioned us, stamping figures appropriate to the victories." (Anth. Plan. 282)


   The mints of Heraclea, Constantinople, Nicomedia and Cyzicus which surrounded the Propontis (the Sea of Marmara) dropped the S from the obverse legend. This is a regional variation and "reflects the fall of the terminal -s in the spoken language."3The obverse legend break for all the mints is always CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS except for coins from Rome and one issue from Aquileia (RIC137), which used the legend break  CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS . Sometimes the engravers at Rome misunderstood what the reverse was supposed to depict, and engraved the prow moving towards Victory, instead of Victory standing on the prow. The tendency in the western mints was to render the prow of the ship in a very simple fashion, but some of the eastern mints occasionally engraved the prow with more style, and sometimes you can even see the oars of the galley.
 
 

Here is a page of line drawings of Constantinopolis Commemoratives and various field marks from the Vienna collection in the book by Guido Bruck, Die Spätrömische Kupferprägung - Ein Bestimmungsbuch Für Schlecht Erhaltene Münzen.


Constantinopolis Commemorative
The Constantinopolis coins are arranged geographically (the same as RIC), from west to east.




Lyons

A.D. 330-331

16x17mm    1.9g

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield, seen from side.

In ex.•PLG

RIC VII Lyons 246


Constantinopolis-Lugdunum Lyons 246


A.D. 332
17x16mm    2.4 g
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. in crescent PLG
RIC VII  Lugdunum 256 

Constantinopolis-Lugdunum 256
Trier
A.D. 330-1
17x16mm    2.1gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex.  TRP
RIC VII Trier 530

Constantinopolis
                    Commemorative Trier 530

A.D. 332-3
18mm    2.2gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
in ex.  TR P
RIC VII Trier 543
Constantinopolis Commemorative Trier
eyes
to the
heavens
bust

A.D. 332-3

18mm      2.1gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

in ex.  TRP

RIC VII Trier 548

'Eyes to the Heavens'
                    bust

A.D. 332-3

17mm      2.4gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

in ex.  TRP

RIC VII Trier 548


Constantinopolis RIC VII Trier 548


A.D. 332- 333
18mm      2.5gm
Obv: uniface—striking error
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
in ex.  TRP✶
RIC VII Trier 548

Ex 1989 Nether Compton (Dorset) Hoard.


Constantinopolis
                    RIC VII Trier 548 uniface Nether-Compton hoard
 
A.D. 333-4
18x17mm    1.9gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
In left field wreath;in ex. TRS
RIC VII Trier 554
This coin is from the 'monneron' hoard
Constantinopolis Trier
                    554

A.D. 333- 334

18x19mm      2.6gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; palm branch in left.

in ex.  TRS

RIC VII Trier 563


Constantinopolis RIC VII Trier 563



Brockage from Trier
15mm  1.8g

Ex 1989 Nether Compton (Dorset) Hoard
Constantinopolis
                  brockage from Trier Ex 1989 Nether Compton (Dorset)
                  Hoard
Arles
 A.D. 330
18mm 2.6 gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
REV- Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; ✶in left field.
  in ex. PCONST
RIC VII Arles 352
RIC VII Arles 352
                      star in left field

A.D. 330- 331

17mm    2.8gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

REV- Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; ✶in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 352


RIC VII Arles 352
                    star in left field


A.D. 330- 331

16mm 2.2 gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

REV- Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; ✶in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 352


Constantinopolis
                      Commemorative victory on prow RIC VII Arles 352
                      star in left field


A.D. 330- 331

18x19mm  2.3gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield, star in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 352


Constantinopolis Commemorative RIC
                                VII Arles 352 star left field

A.D. 332

17x18mm   3.1gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; palm branch in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 363


Constantinopolis
                      Commemorative RIC VII Arles 363 palm branch in
                      left field

 
A.D. 332-3 
17mm 2.3 gm 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
triple palm branch in left field, in ex. PCONST 
RIC VII Arles 369

RIC VII Arles 369 triple
                    palm branch in left field
 
A.D. 333 
18mm 2.1 gm 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
wreath in left field, in ex. SCONST 
RIC VII Arles 374

Constantinopolis-Arles
                    374

A.D. 333- 334

18mm    2.8gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; • in wreath in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 380


Constantinopolis-Arles
                      380


A.D. 335

18x17mm     1.9gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; Pine tree in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 393

Constantinopolis-Arles
                    393

A.D. 335

19mm    2.1 gms

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; Pine tree in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 393

Constantinopolis-Arles
                    393

A.D. 335

17x19mm     2.2gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

REV: Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; Pine tree in left field.

in ex. SCONST

RIC VII Arles 393


Constantinopolis Commemorative RIC VII Arles
                    393 victory on prow


A.D. 335
17x20mm      1.8gm
CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
REV: Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; Pine tree in left field.
in ex. SCONST
RIC VII Arles 393

The shield has six circular devices surrounding the central boss

Constantinopolis
                    Commemorative RIC VII Arles 393 victory on prow
Chi-rho 
A.D. 336
17mm 1.8gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; in left field CHi-Rho.
in ex. PCONST
RIC VII Arles 401
Constantinopolis- RIC
                    VII Arles 401 Chi-Rho
Chi-rho 
A.D. 336
16mm 2.3gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; in left field CHi-Rho.
  in ex. SCONST
RIC VII Arles 401 
Constantinopolis- RIC VII Arles 401 Chi-Rho
Chi-rho 
A.D. 336
16mm 2.3gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
Chi-Rho in left field, in ex. SCONST
RIC VII Arles 401
Constantinopolis- RIC VII Arles 401 Chi-Rho




Chi-rho

A.D. 336

14x16mm   1.6gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

Chi-Rho in left field.

in ex. PCONST

RIC VII Arles 401

 

Victory's chest seems over-emphasized



Constantinopolis- RIC VII Arles 401 Chi-Rho


A.D. 337- 340

14x15mm   1.5gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS; laureate and crested helmet, necklace and ornamental mantle over left shoulder, holding sceptre

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; in left field X

in ex. PCONST  

RIC VIII Arles 26


Constantinopolis
                    Commemorative Arles 26 Victory on prow

A.D. 337- 340
14mm  1.5gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS,  laureate and crested helmet, necklace and ornamental mantle over left shoulder, holding sceptre
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; in left field X
in ex. SCONST  
RIC VIII Arles 26
Constantinopolis
Rome
A.D. 330
19mm     2.3g 
Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in exergue  R F E   RIC VII Rome  332 
RF in the exergue likely stands for Roma Felix  (Happy Rome)
Constantinopolis- Rome 332

A.D. 330

18mm 2.3g

Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

in exergue RFQ

RIC VII Rome 332

unlisted officina
Constantinopolis- Rome 332

A.D. 330 
20x18mm 2.4g 
Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in exergue dot R dot F dot epsilon dot        RIC VII  Rome 334     r4 
RF in the exergue likely stands for Roma Felix  (Happy Rome)
Constantinopolis- Rome 334

A.D. 330 
18mm 2.5g 
Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in exergue R wreath E
RIC VII  Rome 355
Constantinopolis- Rome 355

A.D. 330

18mm 2.0g

Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

in exergue R wreath E

RIC VII  Rome 355


Constantinopolis- Rome 355


A.D. 330-1
17x16mm 2gm 
Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in exergue R B E    RIC VII Rome 339
RB in the exergue likely stands for Roma Beata (Blessed Rome)
Note that Victory is not on the prow, but the prow is coming towards her. The engraver misunderstood his instructions!
Constantinopolis- Rome 339

A.D. 335-6 
19x18mm 2.2g 
Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS  laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in exergue R
RIC VII  Rome 371  
Note that Victory is not on the prow, but the prow is coming towards her. The engraver misunderstood his instructions!
Constantinopolis- Rome 371

A.D. 337- 340
15mm    1.6gm
CONSTANTINOPOLIS; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
VICTORIA AVG; Victory stg. on prow, holding wreath and palm. 
in exergue R ✶ E
RIC VIII Rome 31
rare type with reverse legend

Constantinopolis
                    Commemorative VICTORIA AVG Rome 31
Aquileia
A.D. 334- September 335 
18mm 2.5gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. AQP 
RIC VII Aquileia 123
Constantinopolis Aquileia 123

A.D. 334- September 335 
19x18mm 2.1gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. AQP 
RIC VII Aquileia 123
Constantinopolis
                    Aquileia 123
 
A.D. 334- September 335 
18x17mm     2.5 gm 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. AQS 
RIC VII Aquileia  123 
Constantinopolis
                    Aquileia

A.D. 334- 335

17x18mm 2.3gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

REV.- Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

in ex. AQP

RIC VII Aquileia 123


Constantinopolis Aquileia 123

 
A.D. 334- Sept. 335
20x18mm     2.3 gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
* left field, in ex. AQS
RIC VII  Aquileia 129    
Constantinopolis
                    Aquileia

A.D. 334- Sept. 335

17mm 2.4 gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS, laureate helmet, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Reverse- Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield; * left field

 in ex. AQS

RIC VII Aquileia 129


Constantinopolis Aquileia


A.D. 335-336

17x18mm    1.8 gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield, F left field.

in ex. AQP

RIC VII Aquileia 137


Constantinopolis RIC VII Aquileia 137

 
A.D. 335-336
18mm    2.7 gm
Obv. CONSTANTI-NOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
F left field, in ex. AQS
RIC VII  Aquileia 137    r4
Constantinopolis
                    Aquileia
Siscia
A.D. 330-3 
19mm     2.3gm 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex.  BSIS 
RIC VII Siscia 224
Constantinopolis-Siscia 224

A.D. 330-3

18mm     2.4gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding reversed spear/scepter. 

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield engraved with equilateral cross. 

in ex.  BSIS

RIC VII Siscia 224


The shield is engraved with a quadripartite design



Constantinopolis Siscia 224 engraved shield

A.D. 330-3
17x19mm     2.5gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding reversed spear/scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield engraved with equilateral cross.
in ex.  BSIS
RIC VII Siscia 224

The shield is engraved with a quadripartite design


Constantinopolis Siscia 224 engraved shield

A.D. 330-3

18mm     2.4gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding reversed spear/scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on engraved shield.

in ex.  BSIS

RIC VII Siscia 224

 

The shield is engraved with a quadripartite design, with a dot in each section



Constantinopolis Siscia 224 engraved shield

A.D. 330-3

17x19mm     2.4gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding reversed spear/scepter. 

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on engraved shield. 

in ex.  BSIS

RIC VII Siscia 224

 

The shield is engraved with a quadripartite design, with a dot in each section



Constantinopolis Siscia 224 engraved shield
 
A.D. 334-5 
19x18mm     2.9gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. BSIS
RIC VII Siscia 241
Constantinopolis-Siscia
                    241
eyes
to the
heavens
bust
 A.D. 334-5
17mm     2.0gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted bust looking up to Heaven, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
in ex. dot BSIS dot
RIC VII Siscia 241

Unlisted for “eyes to heavens” bust

Constantinopolis-Siscia 241 eyes to heavens
                    bust
Thessalonica
A.D. 330-3 
19x18mm 2.3 gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. SMTS delta
RIC VII Thessalonica 188     Check out those curls in the hair!
Constantinopolis-Thessalonica 188
 
A.D. 330-3 
16x16mm   2.0gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. SMTSE
RIC VII Thessalonica 188
Constantinopolis-Thessalonica 188
Heraclea 
A.D. 330-3
19x18 mm   2.7gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.
in ex. •SMHΓ
RIC VII Heraclea 120
Constantinopolis-Heraclea 120

A.D. 330-3
17x19mm   2.4gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.
In ex. •SMHΔ•
RIC VII Heraclea 125

Constantinopolis-Heraclea 125
Constantinople
A.D. 330-333
19x18 mm    2.5g 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
CONSZ in exergue
RIC VII Constantinople 63 
Constantine I
                    Constantinople

A.D. 330-333
20 mm    2.6g 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
CONSZ in exergue
RIC VII Constantinople 63 
Constantine I Constantinople

A.D. 333-335
17mm    1.6g 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI; laureate, helmeted bust of Constantinopolis, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
in ex. CONSZ •
RIC VII Constantinople 79

Constantinopolis-Constantinople 79



Nicomedia

A.D. 330- 335

18mm      2.0gm

CONSTAN-TINOPOLI; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

in ex. SMNB

RIC VII Nicomedia 196


Constantinopolis- RIC VII Nicomedia 196


A.D. 330-5
20x19mm    2.6gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding cross- scepter with a globe. 
Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.
SMNdelta 
RIC VII Nicomedia 196 r1
Constantinopolis-Nicomedia 196

A.D. 330- 335
18mm      2.6g
CONSTAN-TINOPOLI; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
in ex. SMNB
RIC VII Nicomedia 196

unusual double-striking


Constantinopolis-Nicomedia 196


Cyzicus
A.D. 330/ 334
17x18mm     1.7gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.
In ex. SMKΔ• (note the unusual shape of the dot)
RIC VII Cyzicus 73


Constantinopolis- RIC VII Cyzicus 73




A.D. 330-3

17x18mm    2.5gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.

In ex. SMKΔ

RIC VII Cyzicus 92


Constantinopolis- RIC
                      VII Cyzicus 92


A.D. 332- 333

17x18mm    3.0gm

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLI; laureate (resembles pearls), helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.

In ex. •SMKB

RIC VII Cyzicus 108

Constantinopolis-Cyzicus 108



Antioch
A.D. 335
18x19mm     2.4gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.
in ex. SMANTI
RIC VII Antioch –

RIC only lists the mintmark SMANI for the Constantinopolis issue, but does have SMANTA for a Constantine I GLORIA EXERCITVS issue (RIC 85) and this coin should come after it.


Constantinopolis
                    Antioch

A.D. 335
17x18mm    3.0gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.
in ex. SMANI 
RIC VII Antioch 92
Constantinopolis Antioch
                  92

A.D. 335-7
15x17mm    2.3gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter. 
Rev. Victory stg. l., on prow with spear, shield.
in ex. SMANI 
RIC VII Antioch 114


Constantinopolis-Antioch 114
Alexandria
A.D. 333-335
19x17mm    2.7g 
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield. 
SMALB in exergue
RIC VII Alexandria  64  r1
picture from Beastcoins
Constantinopolis-Alexandria 64

A.D. 333-335

17x18mm    2.3g

Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.

Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.

In ex. SMALB

RIC VII Alexandria 64


Constantinopolis- RIC VII Alexandria 64


 
 
 



VRBS ROMA

 
Lyons
A.D. 330-1
16mm 1.9gm 
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak. 
Rev. She-wolf left suckling twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
dot SLG RIC VII Lugdunum (Lyons) 247 r3

from the Nether Compton hoard

VRBS ROMA Lugdunum 247

A.D. 332

16x17mm   2.3gm

VRBS-ROMA; Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left suckling twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. dot in crescent SLG

RIC VII Lyons 257


VRBS
                    ROMA wolf and twins RIC VII Lyons 247




Trier

A.D. 330-1

17x18mm   2.5gm

VRBS-ROMA; [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf with florette on shoulder left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TRS dot

RIC VII Trier 529



VRBS ROMA RIC
                    VII Trier 542


A.D. 332-3
15mm  1.4gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak. 
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars. 
 in ex. TR dot P 
RIC VII Trier 542 c3  from an old Dutch collection—ticket says a gift from Mr. Elberling December 1864.
VRBS ROMA Trier 542

A.D. 332- 333

16x17mm   2.0gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TR dot P

RIC VII Trier 542


VRBS
                    ROMA RIC VII Trier 542


A.D. 332- 333

16mm   2.3gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TR dot P

RIC VII Trier 542


VRBS
                    ROMA Trier 542


A.D. 332- 333

16mm   2.4gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf, double crescent shoulder, left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TRS star

RIC VII Trier 547


VRBS
                    ROMA RIC VII Trier 547


A.D. 332- 333

17x18mm   2.4gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TRP star

RIC VII Trier 547


VRBS
                    ROMA Trier 547


A.D. 333- 334

17mm   2.3gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TRS, wreath between stars.

RIC VII Trier 553


VRBS ROMA RIC
                    VII Trier 553

 
A.D. 333-4
18.5mm 2.3 gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak and looking up to the heavens.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars with a wreath between them.
In exergue TRP
Similar to RIC VII Trier 553

 Unlisted with eyes to heaven bust

VRBS ROMA eyes to
                    heavens

A.D. 333- 334

17mm   1.9gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TRP, palm branch between stars.

RIC VII Trier 561


VRBS
                    ROMA Trier 561


A.D. 333- 334

17mm  2.3gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. TRP, palm branch between stars.

RIC VII Trier 561


VRBS
                    ROMA Trier 561


A.D. 333-4
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
 laurel branch in center; in ex. TRP
RIC VII Trier 561 c3
This coin is from the 'monneron' hoard
VRBS ROMA Trier 561



Arles

A.D. 330- 331

17x18mm   2.6gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars with ✶between them.

In ex. SCONST

RIC VII Arles -- ; Ferrando 957


VRBS ROMA
                      Arles star at top


A.D. 330- 331

17x18mm   2.2gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars with between them.

In ex. SCONST

RIC VII Arles -- ; Ferrando 957


VRBS ROMA Arles star



A.D. 330- 331

16mm   1.7gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars with Chi-Rho between them.

In exergue SCONST star

RIC VII Arles 351


VRBS ROMA Arles
                    351


A.D. 332- 333

17x20mm   1.9gm

VRBS-ROMA; Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

REV: She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars with palm branch between.

In ex. SCONST

RIC VII Arles 368


VRBS
                    ROMA wolf and twins RIC VII Arles 368


A.D. 333- 334

18x19mm   2.6gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. (?)CONST, wreath with dot between stars.

RIC VII Arles 379


VRBS ROMA Arles
                    379


A.D. 333-4
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars. wreath (with dot) in centre
PCONST 
RIC VII Arles 379 r3
from the 'monneron' hoard
VRBS ROMA Arles 379

A.D. 336
16mm   1.7gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars with Chi-Rho between them.
PCONST
RIC VII Arles 400
VRBS
                    ROMA Arles 400 Chi-Rho

VRBS ROMA
A.D. 336
15x17mm   1.6g
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars [one on left more a Chi-Rho] with Chi-Rho between them.
in ex. PCONST
RIC VII Arles 400

VRBS ROMA Arles 400
                    Chi-Rho
  Siscia
A.D. 330-3
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak. 
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars. 
gamma SIS 
RIC VII Siscia 222 c3 
VRBS ROMA Siscia 222

A.D. 330-3

18mm    2.6gm

VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

REV. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. dot ASIS dot

RIC VII Siscia 240


VRBS ROMA
                    Siscia 240

 
A.D. 334-5

18mm   2.8gm

Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
dot BSIS dot 
RIC VII Siscia 240 r4 
VRBS ROMA Siscia 240


Thessalonica

A.D. 330-3

18x19mm     3.0gm

VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

REV. She-wolf with circle on shoulder standing left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.

In ex. SMTSE

RIC VII Thessalonica 187


VRBS ROMA wolf and twins RIC VII Thessalonica
                    187



Heraclea
VRBS ROMA
A.D. 330-3
18x19mm     2.5gm
VRBS ROMA; Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
REV. She-wolf  standing left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
In ex. •SMHE
RIC VII Heraclea 119

VRBS ROMA wolf and
                    twins RIC VII Heraclea 119



Constantinople
VRBS ROMA
A.D. 330- 333
18x19mm     2.6gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
In ex. CONSE
RIC VII Constantinople 62

VRBS ROMA wolf
                    and twins RIC VII Constantinople 62



Nicomedia

A.D. 330-5

18mm   2.4gm

VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.

Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars with three vertical dots between.

In ex. SMN gamma

RIC VII Nicomedia 195


VRBS ROMA RIC VII
                    Nicomedia 195



Cyzicus
A.D. 330- 333
17x18mm     2.7gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
In ex. SMKΓ
RIC VII Cyzicus 91

VRBS ROMA RIC VII Cyzicus 91


Antioch
A.D. 335- 337
17mm   2.8gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
In ex. SMANΘ
RIC VII Antioch 91

VRBS ROMA RIC VII Antioch 91

A.D. 335
18mm    3.0gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
In ex. SMANΘ
RIC VII Antioch 91

Eyes to heavens bust

VRBS ROMA RIC VII
                    Antioch 91
Alexandria
Circa A.D. 340
16mm  2gm
Obv. VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
Rev. She-wolf left with twins (Romulus and Remus); above, two stars.
SMALB in exergue
RIC VIII Alexandria  26
VRBS ROMA Alexandria





GLORIA EXERCITVS
&
POP ROMANVS

The POP ROMANVS type was issued circa A.D. 330 and this half- “centenionales” was likely a donative issued to commemorate the founding of Constantinople. There are two types, the star reverse and bridge reverse.  Some think that the two reverses might represent the cities of Rome and Constantinople, the star for Constantinople and the bridge for Rome. There has been speculation that the bridge is an allusion to Constantine's victory at the Milvian Bridge but it seems unlikely given how many years had passed, it is probably just a bridge over a river, and possibly a bridge over the Danube. It seems likely that this bridge issue has nothing to do with Rome, as Constantine built a bridge over the Danube circa A.D. 328 -- "Constantine the pious crossed the Danube very many times, and made a bridge for it in stone." Chronicon Paschale

These small bridge coins may just be souvenirs of the massive undertaking involved in the bridge. The Rome mint even issued a medallion to commemorate this event-

RIC VII Rome 298. The reverse is SALVS REIP bridge with three arches, whereon emperor advancing right in military dress, holding transverse spear, shield, preceded by Victory, holding trophy,  turning  head towards him, in front, suppliant; beneath, to left, Danube resting; in exergue DANVBIS. This medallion was struck between 327-333. For an article on this medallion see Andreas Alföldi, “Die Donaubrücke Constantins des Grossen und verwandte historische Darstellungen auf spätrömischen Münzen” Zeitschrift für Numismatik 36 (1926) : 161- 167.
 
RIC VII Rome
                298. The reverse is SALVS REIP bridge with three arches,
                whereon emperor advancing right in military dress,
                holding transverse spear, shield, preceded by Victory,
                holding trophy, turning head towards him, in front,
                suppliant; beneath, to left, Danube resting; in exergue
                DANVBIS. This medallion was struck between 327-333.

These coins were included in RIC VIII because when RIC VII was published, numismatists believed that these coins were struck circa A.D. 340, however the Llanbethery Hoard of Constantinian coins, which had one example, proved that these coins were struck earlier.

Heraclea
A.D. 336-7
15mm   1.6gm
CONSTAN-TINOPOLI  laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding reversed spear.
GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS dot, Two soldiers helmeted, stg. facing one another, reversed spear in outer hands, inner hands on shields resting on ground; between them one standard.
In ex. SMHB 
RIC VII Heraclea 157
Gloria Exercitus

A.D. 336-7
16.5mm   2.0gm
CONSTAN-TINOPOLI  laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding reversed spear.
GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS dot, Two soldiers helmeted, stg. facing one another, reversed spear in outer hands, inner hands on shields resting on ground; between them one standard.
In ex.  SMH gamma
RIC VII Heraclea 157
Gloria Exercitus
Constantinople
A.D. 330-3
14x15mm   1.1gm
VRBS-ROMA [City of Rome] Roma, helmeted, wearing imperial cloak.
GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS dot, Two soldiers helmeted, stg. facing one another, reversed spear in outer hands, inner hands on shields resting on ground; between them one standard.
In ex. CONSB
RIC VIII Constantinople 46
VRBS ROMA with Gloria Exercitus reverse
 POP
ROMANVS
A.D. 330
13mm   .94gm
POP ROMANVS, laureate & draped bust of the Roman people left, cornucopia over shoulder
REV: wreath surrounding star and mintmark of CONSB
RIC VIII Constantinople 22
POP ROMANVS

A.D. 330
13mm   0.67gm
POP ROMANVS- laureate & draped bust of the Roman people left, cornucopia over shoulder
REV- wreath surrounding star and mintmark of CONSZ
RIC VIII Constantinople 22
POP ROMANVS


POP ROMANVS

A.D. 330
14mm   1.1g
POP ROMANVS; laureate & draped bust of the Roman people left, cornucopia over shoulder
REV: Bridge over river and mintmark of CONSΔ
RIC VIII Constantinople 21



POP ROMANVS
                    bridge Constantinople 21



POP ROMANVS
A.D. 330
14mm   1.2g
POP ROMANVS; laureate & draped bust of the Roman people left, cornucopia over shoulder
REV: Bridge over river and mintmark of CONSΔ
RIC VIII Constantinople 21




POP ROMANVS
                    bridge Constantinople 21







Anepigraphic

      This type was originally included in RIC VIII and dated to A.D. 348. It seems most likely that these coins were struck in Constantinopolis in A.D. 330 for the dedication of the city. These coins were assigned to the Rome mint mainly because of the ROMA obverse and the P R on the reverse, which usually stands for POPVLI ROMANI (Roman People), but a sister issue of this type has Constantinopolis on the obverse and PAX reverse with P-R across the fields, so perhaps it stands for PAX ROMANI. The abbreviations VOT P R also appears on the shields of VLPP’s from a variety of mints, so there is no reason to believe that P R must be indicative of a Rome product. The figure on the reverse is female (which can be seen clearly on some examples)- so  VIRTVS, instead of Emperor as RIC VIII described. Instead of the normally used bronze, these coins were struck from brass, or as the Romans called the metal, orichalcum.






Anepigraphic


Constantinopolis Commemorative
A.D. 330
16mm    2.5gm
OBV: ROMA- helmeted and draped bust of ROMA right.
REV: Anepigraphic- Virtus, helmeted and in military dress, standing left, head right, holding spear in right hand and resting left hand on shield. P-R across fields.
RIC VIII Rome 104



Anepigraphic commemorative from Rome

Constantinopolis
Commemorative
A.D. 330
15x16mm    1.8gm
OBV: ROMA- helmeted and draped bust of ROMA right.
REV: Anepigraphic- Virtus, helmeted and in military dress, standing left, head right, holding spear in right hand and resting left hand on shield. P-R across fields.
RIC VIII Rome 104

Anepigraphic commemorative from Constantinopolis

Constantinopolis Commemorative
A.D. 330
15mm     1.4gm
OBV: CONSTANTINOPOLIS- laureate and draped bust of Constantinopolis right.
REV: Pax stg. l., holding branch and transverse sceptre; P-R across fields.
RIC VIII Rome 105

Anepigraphic
                commemorative from Constantinopolis

Constantinopolis Commemorative
A.D. 330
16mm     1.9gm
OBV: CONSTANTINOPOLIS- pearl diademed and draped bust of Constantinopolis right.
REV: Pax stg. l., holding branch and transverse sceptre; P-R across fields.
RIC VIII Rome 106

Anepigraphic
                commemorative from Constantinopolis Rome 106












Unofficial Issues
"Barbs"

Unofficial  issues come in a variety of styles -- for more on unofficial coinage click this link


 




Constantinopolis Commemorative

circa 337 A.D.
17mm    2.1gm
Obv. CONSTAN-TINOPOLIS facing right laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
in exergue it looks like TR (P)
this coin has a right facing bust. it is very good in style, but must be unofficial
There was a right facing Constantinopolis copy with a similar mintmark in the Maidenhatch hoard. This hoard of fourth-century copies was found in 1970 at Maidenhatch Farm in England. Cohen also listed a right facing issue like this as number 23.



unofficial coin with
                  right facing bust




13mm 1.1gm

Trier

Imitation



unofficial
                  Constantinopolis Commemorative from Trier


Constantinopolis Commemorative
Circa A.D. 330- 335
16mm      2.7gm
CONSTANT-INOPOLIS; laureate, helmeted, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter.
Rev. Victory stg. on prow, holding long scepter in r. hand, and resting l. hand on shield.
in ex. • SMNB •

unofficial issue

unofficial
                  Constantinopolis Commemorative from Nicomedia barb


CONSTANTINOPOLIS
GLORIA EXERCITVS
10.5mm   0.63gm

CONSTANTINOPOLIS GLORIA EXERCITVS minimi
                unofficial



 


1 C. H. Roberts, “A Footnote to the Civil War of A.D. 324.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 31 (1945) : 113.

2  John of Ephesus lived circa A.D. 507- 588 and spent many years in Constantinople. Translated from the original Syriac by R. Payne Smith in Ecclesiastical History of John, Bishop of Ephesus, Oxford University Press, 1860 : p. 192.

3 J. P. C. Kent,   “Urbs Roma and Constantinopolis: Medallions at the Mint of Rome.” Scripta Nummaria Roman. Essays Presented to Humphrey Sutherland. London: Spink & Son (1978) : 106.
 



 
 


last modified on 28 Nov 2021

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