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Alföldi, Andreas. “Hasta-Summa Imperii: The Spear as Embodiment of Sovereignty in Rome.” AJA 59 (1963) : 1-27.

________. “The Helmet of Constantine with the Christian Monogram.” JRS  22 (1932) : 9-23.

________. “On the Foundation of Constantinople: A Few Notes.” JRS  37 (1947) : 10-16.

________.“Cornuti: a Teutonic Contingent in the Service of Constantine the Great and its Decisive Role in the Battle at the Milvian Bridge.”DOP 13 (1959) : 169-183.

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Bagnall, R. S. “Fourth Century Prices: New Evidence and Further Thoughts.” ZPE  76 (1989): 37-43.

Barnes, Timothy D. “Legislation Against the Christians.” JRS  58 (1968) : 32-50.

________. “Origen, Aquila, and Eusebius.” HSCP  74 (1970) : 313-316.

________. “Lactantius and Constantine.” JRS  63 (1973) : 29-46.

________. “Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius.” AJP  96, no. 2 (Summer 1975) : 173-186.

________. “Two Senators under Constantine.” JRS  65 (1975) : 40-49.

________. “Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the ‘Great Persecution’.” HSCP 80 (1976) : 239-252.

________.  “Constans and Gratian in Rome” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology  79 (1975) : 325-333.

________.  “Structure and Chronology in Ammianus, Book 14.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology  92 (1989) : 413-422.

________. “Constantine's Prohibition of Pagan Sacrifice.” AJP 105, no. 1 (Spring 1984) : 69-72.

________ . “Constantine and the Christians of Persia.” JRS  75 (1985) : 126-136.

________. “Himerius and the Fourth Century.” CP  82, no. 3 (July 1987) : 206-225.

________. “Statistics and the Conversion of the Roman Aristocracy.” JRS  85 (1995) : 135-147.

________. “The Wife of Maximinus.” CP  94, no. 4 (October 1999) : 459-460.

Barrandon, J., J. P. Callu, and C. Brenot. “The Analysis of Constantinian Coins (A.D. 313-40) By Non-Destructive Californium 252 ActivationAnalysis.”   Archaeometry 19 (1977) : 173-186.

Baynes, Norman H. “The Decline of the Roman Power in Western Europe. Some Modern Explanations.” JRS  33 (1943) : 29-35.

________. “Three Notes on the Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine.” JRS  15 (1925) : 195-208.

________. “Two Notes on the Great Persecution.” CQ  18 (July-October 1924) : 189-194.

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Bowersock, G. W. “From Emperor to Bishop: The Self-Conscious Transformation of Political Power in the Fourth Century A.D.”CP  81(Oct 86) 298-307.

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________. “The Diffusion of Manichaeism in the Roman Empire.” JRS  59, no 1/2 (1969) : 92- 103.

________. “The Saint as Exemplar in Late Antiquity.” Representations  no 2 ( Spring 1983) : 1- 25.

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________. “The Heraclean Coinage of Maximinus Daza: A Drastic Proposal.” Studies in Ancient History and Numismatics Presented to Rudi Thomsen.
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________. “Quantitative Analysis of Hoarding in Periods of Coin Deterioriation.” PACT  5 (1981) : 355-364.

________. “The Battle of the Milvian Bridge: The Date Reconsidered.” Hermes 88 (1960) : 361- 370.

________. “Two Facets of Ancient Monetary Economy: Celtic Imitations and Roman Rigid Formality.” Arctos 30 (1996) : 21-31.

________. “Portrait of a Conspirator, Constantine’s Break with the Tetrarchy.” Arctos 10 (1976) : 5-23.

________. “Notes on the Transmission of Imperial Images in Late Antiquity.” Studia romana in honorem Petri Krarup septuagenarii.  (1976) : 122- 131.

________. “Roman Imperial Administration as Mirrored in the Fourth Century Coinage.” Eranos  60 (1962) : 93-100.

________. “The Consecration Coins of Constantine the Great.” Arctos 1 (1954) : 19-31.

________. “Some Dynastic Bronze Coins of Constantine the Great.” Eranos  53 (1955) : 193- 198.

________. “The Roman Census and Romanization under Augustus” Studies in the Romanization of Etruria. Rome: G. Bardi (1975) : 438-503.

________. “Coins and History.” Ancient History Matters. Studies Presented to Jens Erik Skydsgaard on His Seventieth Birthday. (2002) : 259-265.

________. “Constantine's Change of Dies Imperii.” Arctos  9 (1975) : 11-29.

Burgess, R.W. “THE SUMMER OF BLOOD. The "Great Massacre" of 337 and the Promotion of the Sons of Constantine.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 62, 2008.

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Bursche, Aleksander. “Circulation of Roman Coinage in Northern Europe in Late Antiquity.” Histoire & mesure XVII (2002).

________ .  “Relations Between the Late Roman World and Barbarian Europe in Light of Coin Finds” XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki, 2006.

Bury, J. B. “The Provincial List of Verona.”  JRS 13 (1923) : 127- 151.

Cameron, Averil. “Constantinus Christianus.” JRS  73 (1983) : 184-190.

Carson, R. A. G., and J. P. C. Kent. “Constantinian Hoards and Other Studies in the Later Roman Bronze Coinage.” NC  16 (1956) : 83-161.

Charlesworth, M.P.  “Pietas and Victoria: The Emperor and the Citizen.” JRS 33, parts 1 & 2 (1943) : 1-10.

Collis, John. “A Typology of Coin Distributions.” World Archaeology vol 13 no 1 (June 1981) : 122- 128.

Cope, L. H. “The Composition of 35 Roman Bronze Coins of the Period A.D. 284- 363.”  Historical Metallurgy1 (1967) : 1- 6.

________. “The Metallurgical Examination of a Debased Silver Coin of Maximinus Daza Issued by Constantine I.” Archaeometry 15 (1973) : 221-228.

________. “Diocletian's Price Edict and Second Coinage Reform in the Light of Recent Discoveries.” NC 17 (1977) : 220-226.

Cullhed, Matts. “Maxentius as princeps.” OpRom 17 (1989) :  9-19.

de Ste. Croix, G. E. M. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?” Past & Present 26 (Nov 1963) : 6-38.

Deraisme, Beck, Pilon and Barrandon. “A Study of the Silvering Process of the Gallo- Roman Coins Forged During the Third Century AD.” Archaeometry 48, 3 (2006): 469- 480.

Downey, Glanville. “Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors.” Speculum vol 32, no 1 (Jan 1957) : 48-61.

Drake, H.A. “What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the Vita Constantini.” CP  83, no. 1 (January 1988) : 20-38.

________. “Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance.” PastPres 153. (November 1996) : 3-36.

________. “Constantine and Consensus.” Church History  64, no.1 (1995) : 1-15.

________. “Policy and Belief in Constantine's Oration to the Saints.” Studia Patristica 19 (1989) : 45-51.

________. “Suggestions of Date in Constantine's Oration to the Saints.” AJP  106, no. 3 (Autumn 1985) : 335-349.

Eadie, John. “The Development of Roman Mailed Cavalry.” JRS vol 57, no. 1/2 (1967) : 161-173.

Edmondson, J. C. “Mining in the Later Roman Empire and beyond: Continuity or Disruption?” JRS 79 (1989) : 84-102.

Ehrhardt, Christopher. “Monumental Evidence for the Date of Constantine's First War against Licinius.” Ancient World 23 (1992) : 87-94.

Elliot, T. G.  “Constantine's Conversion. Do We Really Need It?” Phoenix  41 (1987) : 420-438.

________.  “Constantine's Early Religious Development.” Journal of Roman History 15 (1989) : 283-291.

________. “Constantine's Explanation of His Career.” Byzantion  2 (1992) : 212-234.

________. “The Language of Constantine's Propaganda.” TAPA 120 (1990) : 349-353.

Elsner, Jan. “The Itinerarium Burdigalense: Politics and Salvation in the Geography of Constantine's Empire.” JRS  90 (2000) : 181-195.

Epstein, Jeremiah. “Pre-Columbian Old World Coins in America: An Examination of the Evidence.” Current Anthropolgy  vol 21, no 1 (Feb 1980) : 1- 20.


Erim, Kenan T., Joyce Reynolds, and Michael Crawford. “Diocletian's Currency Reform: A New Inscription.” JRS  61 (1971) : 171-177.

Fowden, Garth. “The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions and Their Influence.” JRS 84 (1994) : 146-170

Frantz, Alison M. “The Provenance of the Open Rho in the Christian Monograms.” AJA  33 (January- March 1929) : 10-26.


Frend, W. H. C. “The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire.” PastPres 16 (November 1959) : 10-30.

________. “Pagans, Christians and the 'Barbarian Conspiracy' of A. D. 367 in Roman Britain.” Britain 23 (1992) : 121-131.

Frothingham, A. L. “Who Built the Arch of Constantine? Its History from Domitian to Constantine.” AJA 16, no.2 (July- September 1912) : 368-386.

________. “Who Built the Arch of Constantine?  IV.  The Eight Medallions of Domitian.” AJA 19, no.4 (Oct- December 1915) : 367-384.

________. “Diocletian and Mithra in the Roman Forum.” AJA vol 18, no 2  (Apr – Jun 1914) : 146-155.

Georgacas, Demetrius John. “The Names of Constantinople.” TAPA  78 (1947) : 347-367.

Goffart, Walter. “Rome, Constantinople, and the Barbarians.” AHR  86, no. 2 (April 1981) : 275-306.

Gray, E. W. “The Roman Eastern Limes from Constantine to Justinian: Perspectives and Problems.” PACA 12 (1973) : 24- 40.

Grégoire, H. “About Licinius’ Fiscal and Religious Policy.” Byzantion 13 (1938) : 551- 560.

Guthrie, P. “The Execution of Crispus.” Phoenix 20, no. 4 (1966) : 325- 331.

Harl, Kenneth W. “Marks of Value on Tetrarchic Nummi and Diocletian's Monetary Policy.” Phoenix 39, no. 3 (1985) : 263- 275.

Harries, Jill. “The Roman Imperial Quaestor from Constantine to Theodosius II.” JRS  78 (1988) : 148-172.

Harrison, Evelyn B. “The Constantinian Portrait.” DOP  21 (1967) : 79-96

Hendy, M. “Mint and Fiscal Administration under Diocletian, His Colleagues and His Successors: A.D. 305- 324.” JRS  62 (1972) : 75- 82.

Hill, P. V. “Barbarous Imitations of Fourth-Century Roman Coins.” NC 10 (1950) : 233- 270.

Hoey, Allan. “Official Policy towards Oriental Cults in the Roman Army.” TAPA 70 (1939) : 456-481.

Howgego, Christopher. "The Supply and Use of Money in the Roman 200 B.C. to A.D. 300." JRS 82 (1992): 1- 31.

Huvelin, Helene. “Les Deux Emissions Londoniennes.” NZ 101 (1990) 29-50.

Isaac, Benjamin. “The Meaning of the Terms Limes and Limitanei.” JRS 78 (1988): 125-147.

Jones, A. H. M. “The Origin and Early History of the Follis.” JRS  49 (1959) : 34-38.

________. “Census Records of the Later Roman Empire.” JRS  43 (1953) : 49-64.

________. “Slavery in the Ancient World.” The Economic History Review vol 9, no 2 (1956) : 185- 199.

________. “Inflation Under the Roman Empire.” The Economic History Review vol 5, no 3 (1953) : 293- 318.

________. “The Roman Civil Service (Clerical and Sub-Clerical Grades).” JRS vol  39, parts 1 & 2 (1949) : 38- 55.

________. & T. C. Skeat. “Notes on the Genuineness of the Constantinian Documents in Eusebius's Life of Constantine.” JEH  5 (1954) : 196-200.

Jordan, David P. “Gibbon's ‘Age of Constantine’ and the Fall of Rome.” History and Theory 8, no. 1 (1969) : 71-96.

Kent, J. P. C.  Anglo-Saxon Coins; studies presented to F.M. Stenton on the occasion of his 80th Birthday, 17 May, 1960.

Keyes, Clinton Walker. “The Date of the Laterculus Veronensis.” CP  11, no. 2 (April 1916): 196-201.

King, C. E. “The Alloy Content of Folles and Imitations from the Woodeaton Hoard.” PACT 1 (1977) : 86-100.

King, C. E., and A. Spaer. “A Hoard of Coins from Northern Sinai.” NC  17 (1977) : 64-74.


Kraemer, Casper J., and Theodore G. Miles. “An Early Fourth Century Hoard from Egypt: Constantine I.”  ANSMN  5 (1952) : 65-88.


MacCormack, S. “Roma, Constantinopolis, the Emperor, and His Genius.” CQ  25, no. 1 (May 1975) : 131-150.


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MacMullen, Ramsay. “Constantine and the Miraculous.” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies  9 (1968) : 81- 96.

________. “Personal Power in the Roman Empire.” AJP 107, no. 4 (Winter 1986) : 512-524.

Malosse, Pierre-Louis. “Libanius on Constantine Again.” CQ  47, no. 2 (1997) : 519-524.

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Mattingly, Harold. “Hoards of Roman Coins Found in Britain: And a Coin Survey of the Roman Province.” JRS 22 part 1 (1932) : 88-95.

________. “Ancient Coins and the Classics.” Greece & Rome vol 1 no 2 (Feb 1932): 74- 78.

________.“TheFirst_Age of Roman Coinage.” JRS vol 35, parts 1 & 2 (1945): 65- 77.

Metcalf, D. M. “What Has Been Achieved Through the Application of Statistics to Numismatics?” PACT  5 (1981) : 3-24.

Milne, J. G. “The Shops of the Roman Mint of Alexandria.” JRS  8 (1918) : 154-178.

________. “A Hoard of Constantinian Coins from Egypt.” Journal international d’ archéologie numismatique 16 (1914) : 1-27.

________. “Roman Literary Evidence on the Coinage.” JRS  28 (1938) : 70-74.

________. “Two Roman Hoards of Coins from Egypt.” JRS  10 (1920) : 169-184.

________. “Woodeaton Coins.” JRS  21 (1931) : 101-109.

Mitchell, Stephen. “Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312: A New Latin Inscription.” JRS  78 (1988) : 105-124.

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Nischer, E. C. “The Army Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine and Their Modifications up to the Time of the Notitia Dignitatum.”JRS 13 (1923) : 1-55.

Nixon, C. E. V. “Constantinus Oriens Imperator: Propaganda and Panegyric. On Reading Panegyric 7 (307).” Historia  42, no. 2 (1993) : 229-246.

________. “The ‘Epiphany’ of the Tetrarchs? An Examination of Mamertinus' Panegyric of 291.” TAPA 111 (1981) : 157-166.

Nock, Arthur Darby. “The Emperor's Divine Comes.” JRS   37 (1947) : 102-116.

Noe, Sydney P. “Hoard Evidence and Its Importance.” Hesperia Supplements 8  (1949) : 235-242.

Odahl, Charles. “Constantinian Coin Motifs in Ancient Literary Sources.” JRMMRA  7 (1986) : 1-15.

________. “Christian Symbols on Constantine's Siscia Helmet Coins.” SAN  7, no. 4 (Fall 1977) : 56-58.

________. “The Celestial Sign on Constantine's Shields at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.” JRMMRA  2 (1981) : 15-28.

________. “The Use of Apocalyptic Imagery in Constantine's Christian Propaganda.” Centerpoint 4, no. 3 (1981) : 9-19.

________.  “Eschatological Interpretation of Constantine's Labarum Coin.” SAN 6,no. 3 (1975) :47-51.

________. “A Pagan’s Reaction to Constantine’s Conversion: Religious References in the Trier Panegyric of A.D. 313.” Ancient World 21 (1990) : 45-63.

________. “The Christian Basilicas of Constantinian Rome.” Ancient World  26, no. 1 (1995) : 3-28.

Parker H. M. D. “The Legions of Diocletian and Constantine.” JRS  23 (1933) : 175-189.

Pitts, Lynn F. “Relations Between Rome and the German ‘Kings’ on the Middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D.” JRS  79 (1989) : 45- 58.

Pohlsander, Hans A. “Constantia.” Ancient Society 24 (1993) : 151-167.

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Reece, Richard. “Roman Coinage in the Western Empire.” Britannia  4 (1973) : 227-251.

________. “Interpreting Roman Hoards.” WorldArch 20, no. 2 (October 1988) : 261-269.

________. “Roman Currency: New Thoughts and Problems.” WorldArch 6, no. 3 (February 1975) : 299-306.

________. “Site-Finds in Roman Britain.” Britannia 26 (1995) : 179-206.

Rees, Roger. “Images and Image: A Re-Examination of Tetrarchic Iconography.” GR 40, no. 2 (October 1993) : 181-200.

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Sutherland, C. H. V. "Some Political Notions in Coin Types Between 294 and 313.” JRS  53 (1963) : 14-20.

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________. “Diocletian's Reform of the Coinage: A Chronological Note.” JRS  45 (1955) : 116-118.

________. “The Historical Evidence of Greek and Roman Coins.” GR  9, no. 26 (February 1940) : 65-80.

________.“The Intelligibility of Roman Imperial Coin Types.” JRS vol 49, parts 1 & 2 (1959): 46- 55.

________.“The Silver Content of Diocletian’s Early Post-Reform Copper Coins.” Archaeometry vol 4, issue 1 (June 1960): 56- 60.

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